How is the relationship between Juliet and her parents presented in the play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

How is the relationship between Juliet and her parents presented in the play Romeo and Juliet Paper The play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is one of the most well-known plays written by William Shakespeare. I think he intended to show what life is like for women in a society ruled by men; men were seen to be superior to women, as women had little rights. Women began life as property of their fathers; once they became married they were passed on to the husband. Shakespeare uses many language techniques throughout the play to comment on men, women and marriage in a society when girls were promised to a man of their fathers choosing. He used this play to criticize arranged marriages. This play is a tragedy, where two people, from opposing families that despise each other, meet and instantly fall in love. This essay is going to explore how the relationship with Juliet and her parents is presented in the play, and how it changes rapidly throughout. Firstly, in Act 1 Scene 2 Lord Capulet is having a discussion with Paris regarding Juliet, Paris wishes to marry Juliet, however Capulet says â€Å"My child is yet a stranger in the world†. This means he thinks that Juliet is too young to be wed; he also says they should wait two more summers before she is ready to get married. We will write a custom essay sample on How is the relationship between Juliet and her parents presented in the play Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How is the relationship between Juliet and her parents presented in the play Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How is the relationship between Juliet and her parents presented in the play Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But, he will agree if Juliet agrees because he believes Juliet should have a say in the matter. Paris replies by saying â€Å"Younger than she are happy mothers made†. Capulet contradicts that by saying â€Å"And too soon marred are those so early made†. This shows Capulet is very caring towards Juliet as he wants her to enjoy her life whilst she is young. It is unusual that Capulet said this because Juliet would not normal be given a choice in the matter, especially when the suitor is wealthy and handsome. In my opinion arranged marriages are cruel, but it was a perfectly normal thing to experience in the 1500 hundreds. Also in this scene Capulet declares â€Å"Earth hath swallowed all my hopes but she†. This reveals to the reader that Juliet is Capulet’s only child, and that hemay have tried for a child many times or his children might have died before she was born, this helps us understand why he behaves the way he does toward Juliet. In this scene Capulet appears to be an untraditional father as he does not force Juliet into an unwanted marriage. Therefore Capulet is presented as a kind and caring father, not wanting to push his child into something she might not want to do; when he speaks of her he is very respectful. Capulet acts as you would expect a father in the modern world to, he is very protective of his daughter. On the other hand, Lady Capulet and Juliet’s relationship is not as close; she is hardly involved in her daughter’s life. In Act 1 Scene 3 Lady Capulet and the nurse discuss Juliet’s age; she will be fourteen on Lammas Eve (31st of July). Lady Capulet doesn’t know her daughter’s age as she says â€Å"She’s not fourteen†, the nurse starts to remember that Juliet is the same age as her own daughter, and that Juliet was born late on Lammas Eve â€Å"Come Lammas-eve at night she shall be fourteen†. This shows that Juliet and her mother do not have a genuine relationship. The nurse had raised Juliet since she was a baby, this would have been traditional in the 1500 hundreds, and they have a very heartfelt relationship. The nurse appears to be devoted to Juliet, she takes great risk in helping her and she tries to guide her through life in the best way she can. It was ordinary for a mother to not get attached to her child as the death rate for children was immense in those days, and as we found out Lady Capulet has tried for a baby many times, she might be fearful of losing Juliet too and so apprehensive to form any sort of relationship with her. Lady Capulet then expresses Paris’s wish to marry Juliet, Juliet replies by saying â€Å"it is an honour that I dream not of†. Lady Capulet begins giving her reasons why she should marry Paris, Juliet responds â€Å"I’ll look to like, if looking liking move; but no more deep will I endart mine eye than your consent gives strength to make it fly†. This suggests that she will observe Paris to see if she is fond of him, but she will not let herself fall for him any more than her mother’s permission allows. I believe Juliet’s father appears more loving and considerate toward Juliet than her mother because Lady Capulet is attempting to force Juliet into marriage with Paris whereas Lord Capulet is permitting her to make her own decisions. But this might be perceived in a different way; Lady Capulet might be forcing her into the marriage so she can have satisfying life with a respectable husband. In Act 1 Scene 4 Romeo, Benvolio and Mercutio decide to gate-crash the Capulet’s party. On the way there Mercutio tries to laugh Romeo out of his sadness, he is miserable because he is love with Rosaline but she does not return that love â€Å"Under love’s heavy burden do I sink†. But yet, when they gate-crash Capulet’s party and Romeo spots Juliet he contemplates to himself that he has never seen true love until he saw this beautiful woman â€Å"O she doth teach the torches to burn bright! † Romeo is basically saying that her beauty is brighter than the blaze of any torch; however he has not yet discovered that she is a Capulet. Romeo and Juliet then talk for the first time; they are instantly attracted to one another. Romeo is entranced by Juliet’s beauty, when he describes her Tybalt recognises Romeo’s voice; he is outraged that a Montague would dare gatecrash Capulet’s party. However, Capulet is angered by Tybalt’s intent to pick a fight with Romeo. Tybalt leaves the party after being scolded by Capulet. He threatens vengeance on Romeo. Romeo learns with dismay from the nurse that Juliet is a Capulet â€Å"Is she a Capulet? O dear account! my life is my foe’s debt†. They have both fallen for each other but their families are locked in an age-old bitter feud. Romeo’s language in Act 1 is very poetic on the theme of love, he uses contrasts of light versus dark to describe his devotion for this unknown girl (Juliet); â€Å"O she doth the torches to burn bright! Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear: So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows† this profound language exceedingly differs from what he says about Rosaline; â€Å"She is too fair, wise, wisely too fair, To merit bliss by making me despair†. When he speaks about Rosaline his emotions, which he speaks of, appear artificial, because of this I do not believe he was ever truly in love with Rosaline. I also believe Romeo’s passion for Juliet will be very transitory as he based his affection merely on her appearance, he also appears very immature towards love; previously he intensely adoredRosaline, but the following day he meets Juliet and his preceding passion is forgotten about. The chorus at the beginning of Act 2 reminds the audience of Romeo’s obsession with Rosaline had ended, the chorus also points out that Romeo was prepared to die for beauty (Rosaline), but she is no longer beautiful in comparison compared to Juliet. This makes Romeo appear very immature and superficial. In Act 2 Scene 2 Romeo visits Juliet, unknown to her, he compares her beauty to the sun, more bright than the stars; â€Å"It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon†. Juliet then declares her love for Romeo; â€Å"O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name† Juliet wishes for Romeo to give up his name, if he does not want to then she will give up her name as a Capulet – â€Å"Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, And I’ll no longer be a Capulet† This shows that Juliet would rather be with Romeo than her family, obviously she does not care for them that much. â€Å"Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. What’s Montague? It is nor hand nor foot† Here she is saying that ‘Montague’ is just a name, and, if he changed it he will still be Romeo. When Romeo reveals himself she fears for him, she warns him that her family will kill him if they find him here â€Å"The orchard walls are high and hard to climb, And the place death, considering who thou art, If any of my kinsmen find thee hear†. This shows that no matter how significant her love is for Romeo her family will not take that into account, this displays the growing unhealthy relationship between Juliet and her parents. Romeo and Juliet exchange words of love also promising marriage. In Act 2 Scene 3 Romeo visits Friar Lawrence, who fears that Romeo has spent the night with Rosaline. When Romeo reveals that he wishes to marry Juliet , Friar Lawrence chides Romeo for his fickleness in love. But, the Friar agrees to marry them in hope that the ancient feud of the Montague’s and Capulet’s will end. Later in Act 2 Scene 6 Romeo and Juliet get wed by the Friar, this is dangerous because if Juliet’s family finds out they probably would disown her, so this shows how much Romeo and Juliet ‘love’ each other, but it also shows how appalling Juliet’s relationship is with her family if they are willing to abandon her. While the nurse is telling Juliet of Romeo’s request, Tybalt sends a challenge for Romeo to the House of Montague. In Act 3 Scene 1 Benvolio and Mercutio are in a public place, Benvolio is apprehensive that the Capulet’s are going to arrive and a fight will definitely follow. Tybalt states that he is seeking Romeo but, Romeo will not accept his challenge as he has only just married his cousin, Juliet. In the end it is Tybalt and Mercutio that fight, Mercutio gets stabbed under Romero’s arm, obviously Romeo blames himself for Mercutio’s injuries. Romeo then vindictively chases after Tybalt, when the organised fight actually happens it is Tybalt that falls, because of this Romeo flees. The brutal violence that occurs in Act 3 Scene 1, as well as the expectation of the fight, acts as reminder that, for all Shakespeare’s emphasis on love and romance, the play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ still takes place in a world ruled by men, with their beliefs of respect and status that are bound to explode in a conflict. This scene is the turning point of the play. Later on in Act 3 Scene 1 Lady Capulet demands that Romeo must die, her demand for Montague blood reveals the level of hatred between the two families. But, because Tybalt had slain Mercutio, Romeo’s sentence was only that of exile, rather than death. This scene makes the reader feel sympathy towards Romeo and Juliet as they only just got married, they didn’t even have a chance to celebrate this marriage before Romeo was banished from Verona. When Juliet learns of this news she doesn’t know what emotion she should feel, but, in the end decides to stay loyal to her husband. Act 3 Scene 5 is the most crucial scene in the change in relationship between Juliet and her parents. This scene is full of tension dramatic irony and ambiguousness. Juliet has just spent her first and last night with Romeo, the nurse warns them that her mother is approaching. When Juliet’s mother enters she misreads Juliet’s emotions, she believes her sadness is from mourning her cousin, Tybalt. Her sorrow is actually because of Romeo’s exile. Lady Capulet asks â€Å"Evermore Weeping for you cousin’s death? What, wilt thou wash him from his grave with tears† These are all rhetorical questions, Lady Capulet wishes Juliet to stop crying as too much grief is not wise. Lady Capulet seems cruel in what she says here, but she could be trying to enliven Juliet. However, she adds that to show so much grief shows â€Å"some want of wit† this implies that Juliet is stupid which displays how insensitive Lady Capulet is towards her daughter. Then she also makes an incorrect assumption â€Å"Well, girl, thou weep’st not so much for his death / As that the villain lives which slaughtered him†. Lady Capulet is more resentful than mournful, she only wishes for revenge on the Montague that killed a precious Capulet, she assumes Juliet feels the same way. Obviously Juliet doesn’t feel this way, she says to herself â€Å"Villain and he be many miles asunder â€Å", she proceeds to say to her mother â€Å"God pardon him, I do with all my heart: And yet no man like he doth grieve my heart† these are the first ambiguous lines in this act, it is ambiguous because it has two meanings. To herself she is saying that Romeo could never be a villain, to Lady Capulet she is saying â€Å"God pardon him† as though God is the only one who could grant Romeo forgiveness. These lines reinforce how much Juliet loves Romeo; this has the effect of building up the tension throughout the scene. But, she heavily suggests to her mother that Romeo grieves her heart because he is not with her, but Lady Capulet misinterprets this â€Å"That is because the traitor murderer lives†. Lady Capulet goes on to express her hatred for Romeo, revealing how she wishes to poison him so he can lie next to Tybalt, she then says she hopes this notion satisfies Juliet. Juliet replies, â€Å"Indeed I never shall be satisfied / With Romeo, till I behold him – dead / Is my poor heart, so for a kinsman vexed. † This is also ambiguous, Juliet is misleading her mother. Lady Capulet thinks that Juliet will never be satisfied until Romeo is dead, however, what Juliet really means is that her heart is dead and she shall never be satisfied until her husband is with her again. Lady Capulet proceeds to tell her daughter of â€Å"joyful tidings†, she informs Juliet that Lord Capulet has arranged for her to marry Paris next Thursday, this heightens the dramatic tension as they audience already know Juliet is married. Juliet, appalled, refuses to do so, â€Å"He shall not make me there a joyful bride. Lady Capulet replies â€Å"Here comes your father, tell him so yourself; And see how he will take it at your hands† These lines are very malicious as Juliet has seen Capulet’s reaction and argument with Tybalt, and Lady Capulet is reminding Juliet of that. When Capulet enters he also misunderstands Juliet’s sadness, but he appears more sympathetic; he creates an extended metaphor, just one of the techniques Shakespeare uses, by comparing Juliet to a boat, the sea and wind â€Å"Thou counterfeits a bark, a sea, a wind†. Juliet’s body is the boat, her eyes are the sea and her sighs are the wind. He then asks Lady Capulet if she has told Juliet about their command, she replies bitterly â€Å"Ay, sir, but she will none, she gives you thanks. I would the fool were married to her grave. † This was an extremely harsh, inconsiderate thing to say, which illustrates how little Lady Capulet cared for Juliet and how vindictive she was towards her. But, she might have said it because Juliet was disobeying her father’s orders; this was forbidden in the 150 hundreds. Wives also had to obey their husbands, so she could not agree with Juliet as she couldn’t even contemplate being disloyal. Shakespeare develops tension in this scene with the arrival of Lord Capulet and through her arranged marriage. Shakespeare uses many language techniques including pathetic fallacy and the use of metaphors, these enhance the tension. Also Capulet alters from a caring to an enraged father as his style of language and tone change. He starts by comforting Juliet as she cries. But, when he discovers Juliet does not wish to marry Paris, the language he uses completely changes; he speaks to her in the third person, using â€Å"she† and â€Å"her†. I think he is distancing himself from Juliet as she done something inexcusable in his eyes, in his words that follow he explodes in rage. â€Å"Out, you green-sickness carrion! out, you baggage! † He is threatening to disown Juliet, this shows a previously unknown side to Capulet as he insults Juliet, â€Å"You tallow-face! † Shakespeare emphasises the force of these insults by the use of exclamation marks, this has the effect of increasing the tension when delivered in a play. Lord Capulet also uses imperatives in his terrorising rants, â€Å"thank† â€Å"look†. Also Capulet is shown as very childish and petty when he mimics Juliet. I personally think Capulet should have asked Juliet why she did not want to marry, rather than trying to bully her into it by threatening and raging at her. But, this wouldn’t have been expected in those times as fathers commands was law. Also in this scene a lot of irony is created; Juliet has no other option but to marry Paris or else she will be homeless. I thought that Lady Capulet would be more sympathetic toward her daughter, but in fact it was the nurse who came to Juliet’s defence; â€Å"God in heaven bless her! You are to blame, my lord, to rate her so. † But, Lady Capulet also had to obey Capulet’s commands, she wasn’t able to agree with her daughter or she would be in the same position, â€Å"I’ll give to you my friend; And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets†. Capulet had to show his authority as he thought Juliet was disobeying him and being ungrateful. Before Lady Capulet departs Juliet pleads for her to delay the marriage, if not she will kill herself, â€Å"Delay this marriage for a month, a week, or if you do not, make the bridal bed in that dim monument where Tybalt lies. Lady Capulet shows not the slightest hint of compassion towards her daughter as she refuses to help her, â€Å"Talk not to me, for I’ll not speak a word. Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee. † This shows she cares nothing for Juliet, or she could have thought that Juliet’s threat was empty. When her mother leaves Juliet turns to the Nurse with her problems, hoping to find comfort. This shows that Juliet thinks more of the Nurse than her mother, the audience already knows this as Juliet confided in the Nurse when she was considering marrying Romeo not her mother. But, the Nurse agrees with her father, urging Juliet to marry Paris. I think the Nurse was only trying to help Juliet by finding a solution, seeing that Juliet had no future with Romeo as he had been exiled, whereas Paris had money and a respectable status, â€Å"I think it is best you married with the County. O, he’s a lovely gentleman! Romeo’s a dishclout to him. † The Nurse could have been more empathetic, realising Juliet was ‘in love’ and that she was being forced into an unwanted marriage. This scene ends dramatically as Juliet has a dilemma; marry Paris and remain Verona or find Romeo and never see her family again. In Act 3 Scene 5 the audience gets to learn a great deal about the characters, Lord Capulet is shown as a demanding father, who cannot deal with disobedience. Shakespeare portrays Lady Capulet as caring but also loyal. You also see a different side to the Nurse; she is very protective of Juliet but yet, she is not afraid to disappoint her. Shakespeare would have wanted the audience to feel remorse for Juliet in this scene. In Act 4 Scene 2 Juliet begs for her father’s forgiveness, which he willingly accepts as she promises to obey him in the future. Capulet is delighted, he pushes the wedding to the next day. This makes this situation extremely worse for Juliet, she now has only one day to decide what she is going to do. Finally, in Act 4 Scene 5 the Nurse discovers Juliet, thinking she is dead, awakens the house with her exclamations. Lady Capulet enters Juliet’s bedroom, realising Juliet is dead she pleads for her to return alive, â€Å"O me, O me, my child, my only life! Revive, look up, or I will die with thee†. LadyCapulet reveals some previously unseen emotions about her daughter in this scene. Discovering a child dead would be hard on any parent, but the Capulet’s had presumably lost other children before Juliet. But, it’s difficult to feel sympathy for them, since Juliet’s apparent death is essentially their fault. It is surprising that Lady Capulet said this, not long ago she declared that she wanted nothing more to do with Juliet, but now, she wishes to die with her! Lord Capulet’s attitude towards Juliet also changes throughout the play. At first he was very protective and caring, then he was threatening to disown her, and in this scene he shows a lot of sorrow, â€Å"Death lies on her like an untimely frost upon the sweetest flower of all the field. Later he also says â€Å"Death that hath tane her hence to make me wail ties up my tongue and will not let me speak. † All the Capulet’s and the Nurse appear heartbroken in this scene, I believe that if Juliet was to revive herself Lord Capulet might have been open to the idea of Romeo and Juliet. Overall I think the relationship between Juliet and her parents is presented as being a typical relationship at that time. I think Lady Capulet could not physically show hardly any emotion towards Juliet because of the fear of losing her, like her other children. Lady Capulet and her daughter had a standard, modern teenage daughter – mother relationship. Obviously, Juliet would be more inclined to her father if her mother was incapable of showing any care or love towards her. Also I believe the cause of Juliet’s death was being forced into an arranged marriage. At first, Capulet was willing to let Juliet make her own decision in the matter. The cause of change was Tybalt’s death. Capulet believed Juliet to be mourning Tybalt too much; he wanted to lift her out of her sadness. Who, raging with thy tears and they with them, without a sudden calm, will oversetthy tempest -tossed body. Basically, Juliet will quickly drown in the storm of her tears, unless there is a sudden calm, and Capulet believes this calm will come from her marriage to the man he has chosen for her. I personally do not think Romeo and Juliet’s death was anybody’s fault, I believe it was the sense of fate that hangs over the play, Romeo’s cry, â€Å"O, I am fortune’s fool! † refers to his unfortunate actions in being forced to kill his new wife’s cousin, thus becoming exiled. As a result of this Juliet was forced into an unwanted marriage. Lady Capulet had an awful relationship with her daughter, to me they appeared more like strangers. Although, this is understandable because of the fear in Lady Capulet, which made her an incompetent mother. Lord Capulet was thoughtful and compassionate toward his daughter, up to the point of Tybalt’s death, where he became demanding and detached. Shakespeare uses figurative language in this play to achieve a particularly vivid, expressive, and imaginative image. Also his thoughtful choice of dramatic devices, for example, tone, dramatic irony and characterization make this play exciting and fascinating.

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The Imitation of Life, Sarah Jane Analysis The Imitation of Life is one of the most powerful cinematic displays of racial passing in movie history. Passing, a commonly used term especially in the African American community, occurs when a member of one racial category assumes the ethnicity of another (Alkon, 2012). The movie was originally made in 1934 with a remake in 1959. The main character, Sarah Jane, wanted not just to pass within the dominant social group (white), but to truly belong to that group and forget her African American identity that comes loaded with much prejudice and hardship. Despite having the racial fluidity to pass, her mother and the people who were close to her knew her true ethnicity. Although this is a movie, passing is part of our socio-historical background. In this paper I will examine how Sarah Jane does facework in order to successfully pass as a white woman. There are various examples of facework that allow her to be in character. 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In the reading, My Grandmothers Passing, XXX we were introduced to the writers grandmother, Mary Douglass, who was also upset because her granddaughter saw herself as an Anglo American woman, became upset and distanced herself from her granddaughter after she called her Mexican (Lopez McAllister, 2011). In both stories the females involved were of da rker skin and experienced self-loathing because of social comparisons and internalized racism. Sarah Janes mother, Annie, was able to find employment as a live-in maid with a struggling actress; the relationship of the two women clearly defined the social structure in their relationship. Annie was a hard working woman but her master status was black. She used emotional labor on a daily basis and rarely had a backstage to run to when her day was over. In her job as a maid, she had to do a lot of surface acting because it was hard for her to find employment and keep her daughter with her. She used corrective processes to avoid aggressive interchanges with her employer and with her daughter. The strain of this emotional labor made her ill and this is what we are led to believe is the reason she dies. Throughout the movie, Karl Marxs conflict theory of the haves and the have nots is clear. The tension between the needing to be a mother and being able to build self-esteem and pride in her daughter was in contrast to her own need of employment as the maid and taking care of their fa mily was quite evident. She did not realize that her compliance in her situation made a social dilemma for her daughter. A social dilemma is an individually reasonable behavior that leads to a situation in which everyone is worse off (Newman, 2011). Sarah Jane grew up living in the shadow of a rich-white lifestyle longing to be a real white girl, something she was able to accomplish once she had part ways from her mother. According to Romero (1995), Sarah Jane had to learn when she must act like the employers child and when she must assume the appropriate behavior as the maids e daughter. She has to recognize all the social cues and interpret social settings correctlywhen to expect the same rights and privileged as the employers children and when to fulfill the expectations and obligations as the maids daughter (p. 89). The ways in which parents, family, community and society transmit various interpretations of race eventually determine how one identifies oneself. During the film, Sarah Jane was challenged because she lived in fear of being found out. Sarah Janes emotion work involved a lot of deep acting to maintain the role and achieve the master status of a Caucasian person that she was not ascribed. In society, race is usual ly visually confirmed. As Sarah Jane grew older she constantly denied her ethnicity which led to another challenge. For African Americans, understanding the past is essential in analyzing present day issues of the community. The topics of colorism and the relationship between light and dark skinned Blacks are especially important because history indicates that the subject is imbued with cryptic discomfort (Cunningham, 1997). Light skin is valued in some minorities especially African American. When Sarah Jane started to date she thought that if she married a white man, her children would come out white and no one would know the wiser. Contrary to her wishes, her boyfriend, who was white, found out that her mother was black. He asked her on a date and savagely beat her and threw her in the gutter. He felt that she tricked him because he would never date outside of his race. Having one drop of black blood was considered contaminating, and its presence made one totally and absolutely black. The one drop rule b ecame law during re-construction. In addition, many Whites feared an infiltration of black blood, and anti-miscegenation laws were born partly out of the fear that a White person might accidentally marry a black person (Cunningham, 1997). After this beating she felt more resentment towards her mother because she felt all the obstacles she was facing were her mothers fault. There are also breaks in facework in which emotions are not managed properly. Sarah Janes status is constantly changing in response to the wide range of social settings she encounters (Romero, 1995, p. 89). To avoid embarrassment because of the many awkward situations she faced because of her race she decided to run away in order to maintain face. She joined a chorus line in a low class night club and became comfortable living as a white woman. She successfully passed in her new identity. This allowed her sense of self to grow; she was able to distance herself from the social norms that were in place for African Americans. Facework allowed Sarah Jane to avoid stigmatized identity: After she ran away, in her new environment, there was no one to stigmatize her as a black woman. She made friends and found a job. Being a light skinned African American was often a barrier to find jobs because in the eyes of some whites, they were a picture of the outcome of a mixed relationship which was taboo at that time. The mere idea of people who were black being able to pass and live among whites caused an ongoing threat of racial obscurity for white so naturally passing as a white woman affected her looking glass self, by seeing herself as she thought others saw her (Alkon, 2012). Sarah Janes mother was getting older and she was getting very sick. She eventually cooperated with Sarah Jane in the process of facework by promising her that she would never acknowledge that she was her mother so that Sarah Jane could maintain her face and keep the persona of being a white woman. While Annie was dying she told her employer to tell her daughter that she was sorry and that she was being selfish as her mother but she loved her because she was the only thing she had. As I mentioned above, Annie used facework and corrective processes until she died. Unfortunately at the end of the movie Annie died. During the funeral, Sarah Jane ran down the crowded street and threw herself on the coffin, this time she was screaming and telling her mother that she was sorry. She was using a corrective process by apologizing and asking her mother for forgiveness. Unfortunately it was too late because her mother died of a broken heart. In conclusion, Sarah Jane used facework to successfully pass as a white woman, and allowed Sarah Jane to avoid a stigmatized identity. She was able to do this because visually you would not know she was African American. Passing as a white woman affected her identity because she used deep acting to internalize the white race that she infiltrated. Sarah Janes passing deeply affected her mother because her mother wanted her to live as a black woman and marry black man. Passing is a small piece of African-Americans socio-historical background and usually remains hidden like a long buried bone, ironically society is more tolerant and would not see it as a stigmatized behavior. Society has come a long way from the 30s and 50s and there is more opportunity out there to be successful regardless the color of your skin.

Project Management Essay -- Business and Management Studies

Project Management Project management is an essential part of the work environment and its purpose within business, academic backgrounds and research are crucial to the development of solutions and products that enable a company to be successful. The idea of project management is quite simple; a group of people are detached from the company and given a goal to focus their efforts on. The size of the group is entirely dependant on the size of the company. When looking to put together a project management team, there are two key factors that many, if not all, companies take into consideration; the skills that each individual possess in the team and whether these skills can be utilised in such a way to achieve their goal in a team environment. Each company requires different qualities that a successful applicant for Project Manager should fulfil. While trying to find a job in the summer, I came across a job posting for a Software Project Manager for a small team. Some of the required attributes that a candidate should possess are as follows: â€Å"A desire to motivate, share knowledge and provide for continuous learning†¦excellent communication skill†¦ Must be able to enthuse and engage at all levels of business†¦Develop findings and recommend solutions to customers as applicable. A good â€Å"all-rounder†.†1 Since many large companies and organisations no longer just restrict their services to their domestic customers, another key requirement for a Project Manager seems to be the ability to contribute in an international market. For example, in the current business world, there are very few companies and organisations that will limit their research only to Japan, for instance. As a result, the openings for project managers seem mainly to be located in the European countries such as France, Germany and the UK. Thus having a position in a project management firm is not only a lasting responsibility to national business and research but it is also an international commitment. Project management also varies in accordance with the size of the companies that it is carrying out its work for. In a small business, the project management team may be assigned projects of a local nature where their performance will be assessed on a small scale. For example, if the team was to make a project management plan for a small local company, the c... ... two sectors are managed separately, so in a way it can been seen as a type of project management since both sectors are detached form each and come together when a new product is being made. Within these two sectors, there are many different projects being undertaken in order to make its products better. Measuring the performance of these two sectors is done by looking at their yearly revenue and seeing how it changes, i.e. does it go up, down or fluctuates. Another way to measure the success of project management within Monsanto is to see how well the new product is received by the public by doing a type of census that will allow Monsanto to attain data that will help them to see where they have gone wrong so that they can improve their services in the future. References Websites - www.monster.co.uk - www.tenstep.com - www.pmtoday.co.uk - www.projectmanagement.com - www.financial-conferences.com - www.monsanto.com Books - Project management for Dummies – Stanley Portney - The Art of Project Management – Scott Berkun - The Practice of Project Management; A Guide to the Business-Focused Approach – Enzo Frigenti and Dennis Comninos

Barilla Case Study: Operational Ineffeciencies

Case Presentation Barilla SpA Introduction Company & Industry background †¢ World’s largest pasta producer in 1990 †¢ Pasta Share – 35% in Italy and 22% in Europe Channels of Distribution †¢ Products divided in 2 categories – â€Å"Fresh† and â€Å"Dry† †¢ Fresh Products had 21 day Shelf Lives †¢ Dry Products had Long ( 18 to 24 Months) or Medium(10 to 12 weeks) Shelf Lives †¢ Retail Outlets – Small independent The Issue During the late 1980s, Barilla suffered increasing operational inefficiencies and cost penalties that resulted from large week-to-week variations in its distributors’ order patterns Distribution Procedure †¢ Original flow of goods and information PLANT CDC’s Barilla run depots GD’s Chain supermarkets DO’s Independent supermarkets â€Å"Signora Maria† Shops Customers Customers Customers *CDC = Central Distribution Centre GD = Grand Distributors DO = Organize d Distributors Sales and Marketing Advertising – Heavy, Brand Positioned as the Highest Quality †¢ Trade promotions – Frequent †¢ Canvass period, 10 to 12 in a year, typical duration of 4 to 5 weeks †¢ Distributor could buy as much product as desired to meet present and future needs at the offered discount †¢ Volume Discounts also given †¢ Sales representatives used more at DO’s than GD’s – Merchandise Barilla Products – Set up In-Store Promotion – Take note of competitor’s prices, stockouts, new product launches – Work out ordering strategies for the retailer etc Demand Fluctuations †¢ Just in Time Distribution Variability in Demand †¢ Reasons – – – – Transportation discounts Volume discount Promotional activity No minimum or maximum order quantities – Product proliferation – Long order lead times – Lack of forecasting systems or sophist icated analytical tools at Distributer’s end Exhibit 12: Demand Fluctuations Variability in Demand †¢ Methods employed to counter variability – Holding buffer FGs to meet Distributor requirements – Asking Distributors/Retailers to carry additional inventory Impact – Strained Manufacturing and Logistics operations* – Poor Product delivery management – Thinning retailer/distributor margins – Increased Inventory Holding costs – Impossible to anticipate Demand swings – Changing customers due to lack of storage space Bullwhip effect †¢ Amplified Variation in demand as one moves up the Supply Chain (away from the order order customer) order Factory Distributor Wholesaler Retailer Order Variation The Causes of Bullwhip Effect Demand Forecast †¢ Long lead times †¢ Order Batching †¢ Price fluctuation (Promotional sales) †¢ Inflated orders in high estimated demand scenarios Counteracting the Bullwhip Effect †¢ Reduce Uncertainty – POS – Sharing Information – Centralizing demand information †¢ Reduce Variability – Year round or Everyday low pricing †¢ Reduce Lead Times – Information lead times: EDI – Order lead times: Cross Docking †¢ Strategic Partnerships – – – – Quick Response Continuous Replenishment Advanced Continuous Replenishment Vendor managed Inventory (VMI) Just-In-Time Distribution (JITD) †¢ Vendor-Managed Inventory Concept †¢ Treats end-customer as the Input †¢ Aims at managing the Input filter that Produces the Orders †¢ Decision-making authority for determining shipments in hands of Barilla SpA †¢ Barilla would monitor the flow of its products through the distributor’s warehouse, and then decide what to ship to the distributor and when to ship it †¢ Distributor provides Data on the shipment and current stock levels for Expected Benefits of JITD †¢ Manufacturer – Reduced manufacturing costs – Better Relationship with Distributors †¢ Increased supply chain visibility †¢ Increase Distributor’s dependence on Barilla – Improvement in manufacturing planning using objective data – Reduced inventory levels †¢ Distributors – Improved fill rates to Retail stores – Additional service without any extra cost – Reduced Inventory Holding costs JITD – Internal Resistance Sales Representatives feared reduction in responsibilities †¢ Flattened sales levels †¢ Risk of Inability to adjust shipments quickly to stock-outs †¢ Lack of infrastructure to handle JITD †¢ Increased competitor shelf space at distributor †¢ Inability to run Trade promotions †¢ Unsure about the cost benefits JITD – External Resistance †¢ Unconvinced Distributors †¢ Not willing to share warehouse data †¢ Perceived power transfer to Barilla †¢ Lack of faith in Barilla’s inventory management Possible methods to counter Resistance †¢ Demonstrate that JITD benefits the distributors – Run experiment at one or more of the distributor sites †¢ Maggiali needs to look at JITD not as a logistics program, but as a company-wide effort – Get Top management closely involved Experiments at Dryproduct depots †¢ Barilla spa ran first JITD experiment at its Florence depot †¢ During the very first month of the program – Inventory dropped from 10. 1 days to 3. 6 days – Service level to retail stores increased from 98. 9% to 99. % †¢ Depot’s staff was not comfortable working with such low inventory levels – Inventory levels finally allowed to increase to 5 days †¢ One of the arguments against JITD was that it will lead to waste empty spaces in the ware houses Experiments at Dryproduct depots †¢ In Florence case – Barilla growing at rapid rate in the region – Plans to expand warehouse – Existin g warehouse able to accommodate the increased requirement – Substantial investment on expansion was avoided †¢ JITD next tried at Milan Depot – Similar performance improvement as Florence †¢ These experiments established the credibility of JITD system Implementation at D. O. Cortese †¢ The decision to implement JITD in Marchese DC of Cortese involved – Barilla: Director of Logistics, Executive vice president of sales and Manager in charge of JITD implementation – Cortese: Nine managers including Managing director, new services manager, logistics manager and logistics, purchasing, marketing and sales personnel from Cortese’s Marchese DC †¢ Consultant Claudio Ferrozzi was roped in – Neutral party trusted by both the groups Implementation at D. O. Cortese †¢ For six months, Barilla team analyzed daily shipment data of the DC – Created the data base of DC’s historical demand pattern – Simulated shipments with JITD in place †¢ The implementation yielded phenomenal results – Prior to JITD †¢ Stock out rate : 2 to 5% ( Occasionally as high as 10 to 13%) – After JITD †¢ Negligible stock out rate of less than. 25%(Never exceeded 1%) †¢ Average inventory level also dropped Adaptation to different distributors With new confidence they approached other customers †¢ Customers apprehensive about JITD repeating the same success as Cortese for them as they had varied systems †¢ Barilla’s team developed capacity to translate customer’s standard’s into internal standards Adaptation to different distributors †¢ Developed a protocol which could be used to communicate with all customers †¢ Each SKU identified with three d ifferent product codes – Barilla’s code – Customer’s code – EAN (European article numbering system) barcode – Most common barcode standard in Europe †¢ Advantages of the coding system Information can be received through any code – Reduce impact of internal changes in product or code on client’s system Communication with consumers Customer each day sent following information to Barilla via EDI:1. Customer code number to identify itself 2. Inventory for each SKU carried by DC 3. Previous day’s â€Å"sell through†-All shipments of Barilla products out of DC to consumers on the previous day 4. Stock outs on previous day for every Barilla SKU carried by DC 5. An advance order for any promotions that the customer planned to run in the future 6. Preferred delivery carton size Lessons learnt One needs to prove credibility of any new performance initiative for others to buy his/her idea †¢ Best place to experimen t with an idea is within the organization †¢ To succeed in a new initiative, involvement of top management is imperative †¢ Market is ever growing. If performance measures seem to create spare time/capacity instead of chucking them, look out for ways to increase the – Barrilla could finally succeed in implementing JITD with Cortese. Whole of top management from both sides was involved in the decision making. Which never happened earlier – Sometimes roping a consultant helps THANK YOU

Major Samuel Nicholas, USMC in the American Revolution

Major Samuel Nicholas, USMC in the American Revolution Samuel Nicholas - Early Life: Born in 1744, Samuel Nicholas was the son of Andrew and Mary Shute Nicholas. Part of a well known Philadelphia Quaker family, Nicholas uncle, Attwood Shute, served as the citys mayor from 1756-1758. At age seven, his uncle sponsored his admission to the noted Philadelphia Academy. Studying with the children of other prominent families, Nicholas established important relationships which would aid him later in life. Graduating in 1759, he earned entry into the Schuylkill Fishing Company, an exclusive social fishing and fowling club. Samuel Nicholas - Rising in Society: In 1766, Nicholas organized the Gloucester Fox Hunting Club, one of the first hunt clubs in America, and later became a member of the Patriotic Association. Two years later, he married Mary Jenkins, the daughter of a local businessman. Shortly after Nicholas married, he took over the Connestogoe (later Conestoga) Wagon Tavern which was owned by his father-in-law. In this role, he continued to build connections across Philadelphia society. In 1774, with tensions building with Britain, several members of the Gloucester Fox Hunting Club elected to form the Light Horse of the City of Philadelphia. Samuel Nicholas - Birth of the US Marine Corps: With the outbreak of the American Revolution in April 1775, Nicholas continued to operate his business. Though lacking in formal military training, the Second Continental Congress approached him late that year to aid in establishing a marine corps for service with the Continental Navy. This was largely due to his prominent place in Philadelphia society and his connections to the citys taverns which Congress believed could furnish good fighting men. Agreeing, Nicholas was appointed Captain of Marines on November 5, 1775. Five days later, Congress authorized the formation of two battalions of marines for service against the British. With the official birth of the Continental Marines (later US Marine Corps), Nicholas had his appointment confirmed on November 18 and was commissioned as a captain. Quickly establishing a base at Tun Tavern, he began recruiting Marines for service aboard the frigate Alfred (30 guns). Working diligently, Nicholas raised five companies of Marines by the end of the year. This proved sufficient to provide detachments for the ships of the Continental Navy then at Philadelphia. Samuel Nicholas - Baptism of Fire: Having completed recruiting, Nicholas took personal command of the Marine Detachment aboard Alfred. Serving as Commodore Esek Hopkins flagship, Alfred departed Philadelphia with a small squadron on January 4, 1776. Sailing south, Hopkins elected to strike at Nassau which was known to have a large supply of weapons and munitions. Though warned of a possible American attack by General Thomas Gage, Lieutenant Governor Montfort Browne did little to bolster the islands defenses. Arriving in the area on March 1, Hopkins and his officers planned their assault. Coming ashore on March 3, Nicholas led a landing party of around 250 Marines and sailors. Occupying Fort Montagu, he paused for the night before advancing to occupy the town the next day. Though Browne had managed to send the bulk of the islands powder supply to St. Augustine, Nicholas men captured a large number of guns and mortars. Departing two weeks later, Hopkins squadron sailed north and captured two British ships as well as fought a running battle with HMS Glasgow (20) on April 6. Arriving at New London, CT two days later, Nicholas traveled back to Philadelphia. Samuel Nicholas - With Washington: For his efforts at Nassau, Congress promoted Nicholas to major in June and placed him at the head of the Continental Marines. Ordered to remain in the city, Nicholas was directed to raise an additional four companies. In December 1776, with American troops forced from New York City and pushed across New Jersey, he received orders to take three companies of Marines and join General George Washingtons army north of Philadelphia. Seeking to regain some momentum, Washington devised an attack on Trenton, NJ for December 26. Moving forward, Nicholas Marines were attached to Brigadier John Cadwaladers command with orders to cross the Delaware at Bristol, PA and attack Bordentown, NJ before advancing on Trenton. Due to ice in the river, Cadwalader abandoned the effort and as a result the Marines did not take part in the Battle of Trenton. Crossing the next day, they joined Washington and took part in the Battle of Princeton on January 3. The campaign marked the first time that US Marines served as a fighting force under US Army control. Following the action at Princeton, Nicholas and his men remained with Washingtons army. Samuel Nicholas - The First Commandant: With the British evacuation of Philadelphia in 1778, Nicholas returned to the city and re-established the Marine Barracks. Continuing recruiting and administrative duties, he effectively served as commandant of the service. As a result, he is generally considered to be the first Commandant of the Marine Corps. In 1779, Nicholas requested command of the Marine Detachment for the ship of the line America (74) then under construction at Kittery, ME. This was denied as Congress desired his presence in Philadelphia. Remaining, he served in the city until the service was disbanded at the end of the war in 1783. Samuel Nicholas - Later Life: Returning to private life, Nicholas resumed his business activities and was an active member in the State Society of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania. Nicholas died on August 27, 1790, during a yellow fever epidemic. He was buried at the Friends Graveyard at Arch Street Friends Meeting House. The founding officer of the US Marine Corps, his grave is adorned with wreath during a ceremony each year on November 10 to mark the services birthday. Selected Sources Major Samuel Nicholas USS Nicholas: Samuel Nicholas

The Theater Experience in Shakespeares Lifetime

The Theater Experience in Shakespeares Lifetime To fully appreciate Shakespeare, its best to see his plays live on stage. It’s a sad fact that today we typically study Shakespeares plays out of books and forego the live experience. It’s important to remember that the Bard was not writing for today’s literary readership, but for a live audience. Shakespeare was not writing for just any live audience but was writing for the masses in Elizabethan England, many of whom couldn’t read or write. The theater was usually the only place the audiences to his plays would be exposed to fine, literary culture. To better understand Shakespeares works, todays reader needs to go beyond the texts themselves to consider the context of these works: the details of the live theater experience during the Bard’s lifetime. Theater Etiquette in Shakespeare’s Time Visiting a theater and watching a play in Elizabethan times was very different from today, not just because of who was in the audience, but because of how people behaved. Theatergoers were not expected to be still and silent throughout the performance as modern audiences are. Instead, Elizabethan theater was the modern equivalent of a popular band concert. It was communal and even, at times, raucous, depending on the subject matter of a given performance. The audience would eat, drink, and talk throughout the performance. Theaters were open air and used natural light. Without the advanced technology of artificial light, most plays were performed not in the evening, as they are today, but rather in the afternoon or during the daylight. Furthermore, plays during that era used very little scenery and few, if any, props. The plays usually relied on language to set the scene. Female Performers in Shakespeare’s Time The laws for contemporary performances of Shakespeare’s plays banned women from acting. Female roles were thus played by young boys before their voices changed in puberty. How Shakespeare Changed Perceptions of the Theater Shakespeare saw the public’s attitude towards theater shift during his lifetime. Prior to his era, the theater in England was considered to be a disreputable pastime. It was frowned upon by Puritan authorities, who were worried that it might distract people from their religious teachings. During the reign of Elizabeth I, theaters were still banned within the city walls of London (even though the Queen enjoyed the theater and frequently attended performances in person). But over time, the theater became more popular, and a thriving â€Å"entertainment† scene grew on Bankside, just outside the city walls. Bankside was considered to be a â€Å"den of iniquity† with its brothels, bear-baiting pits, and theaters. The place of theater in Shakespeares time widely diverged from its perceived role today as high culture reserved for the educated, upper classes. The Acting Profession During Shakespeare’s Time Shakespeare’s contemporary theater companies were extremely busy. They would perform around six different plays each week, which could only be rehearsed a few times before the performance. There was no separate stage crew, as theater companies have today. Every actor and stagehand helped to make costumes, props, and scenery. The Elizabethan acting profession worked on an apprentice system and therefore was strictly hierarchical. Playwrights themselves had to rise up through the ranks. Shareholders and general managers were in charge and profited the most from the company’s success. Managers employed their actors, who became permanent members of the company. Boy apprentices were at the bottom of the hierarchy. They usually began their careers by acting in small roles or playing the female characters.

Write a researched business report about the credit suisse internship Essay

Write a researched business report about the credit suisse internship and analyse a candidates suitability for an internship role in that given company - Essay Example One is able to gain work experience and a set of skills that can quickly and easily be transferred to their peers. This would be particularly helpful when searching for employment after completion of studies. The individual also networks with the experienced professionals and has a chance to work with them later on in his career. The internship opportunities also show them their strengths and weaknesses. Once able to identify them he can then decide to focus on where his talents best lie. This, in turn, helps them to gain confidence in their abilities. Before anyone can land the important role of an intern, several factors must be considered. The following research was conducted to show the suitability of an individual for an internship role in a company such as Credit Suisse. The research itself was conducted majorly online. Journals, articles and even the company’s website were heavily used as data extracts. A report by Albert Laurence entitled ‘The Belbin Report’ was also used as it gives in depth analysis to the factors as well. These were in reliance due to the complicated nature of the report and the inability to contact the company in question; Credit Suisse. The aforementioned company has branches all over the world. Gaining an internship position with such a prestigious firm would catapult one to a different platform. He would be streets ahead of his peers in terms of experience and skills gained. Income is also a major possibility given the firm’s strong financial position. His confidence in his abilities would also receive a major boost. The firm’s internship programs are four; analyst, diversity, quantitative and associate programs. In the analyst program, an individual gets offered a chance to work within the financial services industry. Since the Credit Suisse is a global enterprise, one may be assured of interacting within people of diverse and backgrounds. The diversity program makes this happen. Through the quantitative

Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Happiness - Essay Example According to statistical data, the most successful countries are the unhappiest and the wealthiest people are the unhappiest in the society. Research maintains that the more money an individual has, the unhappier they are. Several reasons have been provided to back this up as well as the main reason why the individuals with lower income are happier. First, the wealthy individuals are always in pursuit of more possessions as they view another individual with more possessions as happier and more successful. This ensures that they have less leisure time, which is the time that they can spend with friends and family to help in reducing stress levels that come from work. Therefore, reduced leisure time and the more disconnected the wealthy people are, more unhappy they become. Second, expectations also determine the stress level, which in turn reflect a person’s happiness. In U.S, expectations are very high and mostly with regard to material possessions. If these expectations fail, these individuals become depressed and bury themselves in work so that they can try to achieve them. On the other hand, if they succeed, they will still see another person who has more possessions and their stress level will increase as they try to achieve what the other person has. Research indicates that concerns of material possessions are deep seated in the human brain to the point that they can be very harmful to one’s health both physically and emotionally This clearly indicates that material possessions, although appear good and satisfying, are the main causes of unhappiness. While the wealthy are considerably poor happiness-wise, the lower level individuals are wealthier in the happiness regard. This is because of several reasons. Firstly, these individual do not have many things to do that keeps them busy. In addition, since they do not have many possessions, they rely on one